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This is also done alongside a selection technique where we encoded a gene responsible for keeping the cells healthy in a natively toxic environment. The way to tell the difference is by coding the GFP gene (Green fluorescent protein from Aequorea victoria, a jellyfish) into the plasmid and seeing if the cells light up because they have produced the protein. It is always cool to observe cells after transfection to see if the transfection was transient (the DNA only stayed within the cell for a little then was degraded) or stable (The cell incorporated the newly introduced DNA into its genome). 8: is a shortcut for document.querySelector You can use to quickly select elements from the console, without. My favorite has to be the Nikon I used during my tenure at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. There are several more such as console.assert, oup, you can see the rest here: 7: returns the most recently evaluated expression Use to reference the return value of the previous operation executed in the console. I have used a great many of them and they all have their quirks. I have only used microscopes that rely on light. However, I have never used an SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope), so I do not know the way in which those samples are prepared. If they are prepared incorrectly, the specimen will not look as it should (It may have been moved in an unnatural manner, the dye did not stay on the sample or there are artifacts from the preparation technique). This preparation involves treating the specimen with detergents, dyes or mechanical means (usually within a microscope slide). When using a microscope, specimens must be prepared.